Happy New Year....
Monday 31 December 2012
Green Technology
What is Green
Technology?
As the name shows green technology is one that has a "green" purpose. By green we do
not mean the color, however, Mother Nature is quite green, and the long and
short term impact an invention has on the environment is what we are talking
about. Green inventions are environmentally friendly inventions that often
involve: energy efficiency, recycling, safety and health concerns, renewable
resources, and more.
Example of Green
Technology:
One of the best known
examples of green technology would be the solar cell. A solar
cell directly converts the
energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photo voltaic. Generating electricity
from solar energy means less consumption of fossil fuels, reducing pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions.
Another simple
invention that can be considered green is the reusable water bottle. Drinking
lots of water is healthy. Reducing plastic waste is great for the environment.
Hence, trendy reusable water bottles that you can refill yourself are
health-promoting, eco-friendly, and green.
Why Should Inventors
Think Green?
The world has a fixed
amount of natural resources, some of which are already depleted or ruined. For
example: household batteries and electronics often contain dangerous chemicals
that can pollute the groundwater after disposal, contaminating our soil and
water with chemicals that cannot be removed from the drinking water supply and
the food crops grown on contaminated soil. The risks to human health are great.
Go Green - If Not For
Love Then Profit:
Inventors
should know that green inventions and clean technologies are good business.
These are fast growing markets with growing profits.
Consumers should know
that buying green inventions can reduce your energy bill and that green
inventions are often safer and healthier products.
Circuit Breakers.....
How Circuit Breakers Work:
The simplest circuit protection device is the fuse.
A fuse is just a thin wire,
enclosed in a casing, that
plugs into the circuit. When a circuit is closed, all
charge flows through the fuse wire -- the fuse
experiences the same current as any other point
along the circuit. The fuse is designed to disintegrate when it heats up above a certain level
-- if the current climbs too high, it burns up the
wire. Destroying the fuse opens the circuit before
the excess current can damage the building wiring.
The problem with fuses is they only work once.
Every time you blow a fuse, you have to replace it with a new one. A circuit breaker does the same
thing as a fuse -- it opens a circuit as soon as
current climbs to unsafe levels -- but you can use it
over and over again.
2. The basic circuit breaker consists of a simple
switch, connected to either a bimetallic strip or an electromagnet. The diagram below shows a
typical electromagnet design. The hot wire in the circuit connects to the two
ends of the switch. When the switch is flipped to
the on position, electricity can flow from the
bottom terminal, through the electromagnet, up to
the moving contact, across to the stationary
contact and out to the upper terminal. The electricity magnetizes the electromagnet (See
How Electromagnets Work to find out why).
Increasing current boosts the electromagnet's
magnetic force, and decreasing current lowers the
magnetism. When the current jumps to unsafe
levels, the electromagnet is strong enough to pull down a metal lever connected to the switch
linkage. The entire linkage shifts, tilting the moving
contact away from the stationary contact to
break the circuit. The electricity shuts off.
Click on the circuit breaker to release the switch.
A bimetallic strip design works on the same principle, except that instead of energizing an
electromagnet, the high current bends a thin strip
to move the linkage. Some circuit breakers use an
explosive charge to throw the switch. When
current rises above a certain level, it ignites
explosive material, which drives a piston to open the switch.
plugs into the circuit. When a circuit is closed, all
charge flows through the fuse wire -- the fuse
experiences the same current as any other point
along the circuit. The fuse is designed to disintegrate when it heats up above a certain level
-- if the current climbs too high, it burns up the
wire. Destroying the fuse opens the circuit before
the excess current can damage the building wiring.
The problem with fuses is they only work once.
Every time you blow a fuse, you have to replace it with a new one. A circuit breaker does the same
thing as a fuse -- it opens a circuit as soon as
current climbs to unsafe levels -- but you can use it
over and over again.
2. The basic circuit breaker consists of a simple
switch, connected to either a bimetallic strip or an electromagnet. The diagram below shows a
typical electromagnet design. The hot wire in the circuit connects to the two
ends of the switch. When the switch is flipped to
the on position, electricity can flow from the
bottom terminal, through the electromagnet, up to
the moving contact, across to the stationary
contact and out to the upper terminal. The electricity magnetizes the electromagnet (See
How Electromagnets Work to find out why).
Increasing current boosts the electromagnet's
magnetic force, and decreasing current lowers the
magnetism. When the current jumps to unsafe
levels, the electromagnet is strong enough to pull down a metal lever connected to the switch
linkage. The entire linkage shifts, tilting the moving
contact away from the stationary contact to
break the circuit. The electricity shuts off.
Click on the circuit breaker to release the switch.
A bimetallic strip design works on the same principle, except that instead of energizing an
electromagnet, the high current bends a thin strip
to move the linkage. Some circuit breakers use an
explosive charge to throw the switch. When
current rises above a certain level, it ignites
explosive material, which drives a piston to open the switch.
Sunday 30 December 2012
Sources of Renewable Energy
Sources of Renewable
Energy
Sources of Renewable
Energy
- Hydropower
- Tidal Energy
- Geothermal Energy
- Wind Energy
- Solar Energy
- Biomass Energy
1 Hydropower:
Water's usability to generate electricity is
tremendous since the kinetic energy of flowing
water is amply used to produce hydroelectricity
such as to rotate turbines. It's a form of
renewable energy where it contributes to less
pollution of environment and consumption of fossil fuels. In the United States there are
approximately more than 5,000 dams that are
used to produce hydroelectricity contributing to
9% of the nation's electricity. Hydropower doesn't require a large dam to
produce electricity but a small canal is enough is
channel the river water to rotate the turbine.
However, only large projects are able to produce
on-demand electricity which unfortunately is the
limitation for small projects. Dams producing hydroelectricity also offer other forms of
recreation such as habitat for aquatic animals and
destructive flooding downstream.
tremendous since the kinetic energy of flowing
water is amply used to produce hydroelectricity
such as to rotate turbines. It's a form of
renewable energy where it contributes to less
pollution of environment and consumption of fossil fuels. In the United States there are
approximately more than 5,000 dams that are
used to produce hydroelectricity contributing to
9% of the nation's electricity. Hydropower doesn't require a large dam to
produce electricity but a small canal is enough is
channel the river water to rotate the turbine.
However, only large projects are able to produce
on-demand electricity which unfortunately is the
limitation for small projects. Dams producing hydroelectricity also offer other forms of
recreation such as habitat for aquatic animals and
destructive flooding downstream.
2 Tidal Energy:
Tidal Energy: Tidal energy also
called Tidal power is a
renewable source of energy and a form of
hydropower used to generate electricity using the
energy of the tides. Though not widely used to
generate electricity, it can be called as the energy
resource of the future with the current rate of depletion of non-renewable resources. High costs
and limited availability have kept tidal energy
from being utilized to its full potential. Tidal
power is generated through Tidal stream
generator, Tidal barrage and Dynamic tidal power. Wave Power: Wave power is the transport of energy on ocean
wave to carry out multiple jobs like electricity
generation, water desalination and pumping of
water into reservoirs. Wave power is not currently
used on a commercial scale though the first wave
farm was opened in Portugal in 2008.
renewable source of energy and a form of
hydropower used to generate electricity using the
energy of the tides. Though not widely used to
generate electricity, it can be called as the energy
resource of the future with the current rate of depletion of non-renewable resources. High costs
and limited availability have kept tidal energy
from being utilized to its full potential. Tidal
power is generated through Tidal stream
generator, Tidal barrage and Dynamic tidal power. Wave Power: Wave power is the transport of energy on ocean
wave to carry out multiple jobs like electricity
generation, water desalination and pumping of
water into reservoirs. Wave power is not currently
used on a commercial scale though the first wave
farm was opened in Portugal in 2008.
3. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is the thermal energy
generated and stored in the earth that verifies the
temperature of the matter. This clean and
sustainable type of energy is found in shallow hot
ground water, hot rocks a few miles beneath the
earth's surface and in the molten magma if we go deeper. Geothermal energy produces few
emissions and is consistently available for use.
Technologies that make geothermal energy
usable include geothermal heat pumps which
take advantage of the warm ground temperature
and use it to cool or heat buildings. Another use is for bathing as medium of hot water as it
provides heat directly and also contains medicinal
skin properties. Geothermal power plants convert
hydrothermal fluids like hot water or steam
accessed from deep wells to drive a turbine which
then produces electricity.
generated and stored in the earth that verifies the
temperature of the matter. This clean and
sustainable type of energy is found in shallow hot
ground water, hot rocks a few miles beneath the
earth's surface and in the molten magma if we go deeper. Geothermal energy produces few
emissions and is consistently available for use.
Technologies that make geothermal energy
usable include geothermal heat pumps which
take advantage of the warm ground temperature
and use it to cool or heat buildings. Another use is for bathing as medium of hot water as it
provides heat directly and also contains medicinal
skin properties. Geothermal power plants convert
hydrothermal fluids like hot water or steam
accessed from deep wells to drive a turbine which
then produces electricity.
4. Wind Energy:
Wind Energy: Particularly in seabed, hilly areas and seashores,
wind is easily available and hence it is less
expensive source of energy. By utilizing the
momentum and transferring it to rotor blades,
energy can be produced from wind. The process
of producing energy from this source does not create any type of pollution but the maintenance
can produce negligible amount of water or air
pollution. The usage of windmills or wind
turbines to produce energy is constrained to
installing them in windy areas where wind flows
with high speed as otherwise wind cannot be utilized to produce energy. To generate energy,
humans have been harnessing the wind since
ages. But today's modern wind turbines continue
to become more productive and powerful as they
supply energy to hundreds of homes than the
windmills used in old days which were good enough to produce energy only for small jobs like
fetching water from sea or grinding grains.
wind is easily available and hence it is less
expensive source of energy. By utilizing the
momentum and transferring it to rotor blades,
energy can be produced from wind. The process
of producing energy from this source does not create any type of pollution but the maintenance
can produce negligible amount of water or air
pollution. The usage of windmills or wind
turbines to produce energy is constrained to
installing them in windy areas where wind flows
with high speed as otherwise wind cannot be utilized to produce energy. To generate energy,
humans have been harnessing the wind since
ages. But today's modern wind turbines continue
to become more productive and powerful as they
supply energy to hundreds of homes than the
windmills used in old days which were good enough to produce energy only for small jobs like
fetching water from sea or grinding grains.
5. Solar Energy:
Solar Energy: The sun is the most important source of energy.
The sun rays can be used as a mean of producing
the energy. Photovoltaic cells possessing the
characteristic of converting heat to energy are
used to generate electricity. When sun rays strike
the surface of these photovoltaic cells, electric current is produced. This device is also less
expensive as it is made up of silicon which is one
of the most abundant elements on earth. The
only limitation of using solar energy or solar
panels or photovoltaic cells is that they can
produce electric current only in the day, when bright sunlight is available in abundance.
Installing photovoltaic cells or solar panels hence
cannot produce energy in rainy or snowy seasons.
The sun rays can be used as a mean of producing
the energy. Photovoltaic cells possessing the
characteristic of converting heat to energy are
used to generate electricity. When sun rays strike
the surface of these photovoltaic cells, electric current is produced. This device is also less
expensive as it is made up of silicon which is one
of the most abundant elements on earth. The
only limitation of using solar energy or solar
panels or photovoltaic cells is that they can
produce electric current only in the day, when bright sunlight is available in abundance.
Installing photovoltaic cells or solar panels hence
cannot produce energy in rainy or snowy seasons.
6 6. Biomass Energy:
Biomass Energy: Biomass power is
the electricity generated from
biomass and is obtained from wood, crops,
harvest residues, urban refuse and industrial
wastes known as biomass. It is one of the
important sources of renewable energy and
serves as an essential part of waste management process. Pulp and paper industries in United
States are prominent generators of biomass.
Obtaining power from biomass substances is
more cost-effective than that of obtaining it from
wind using wind turbines or windmills or any
other source as it requires less investment. Crops, woody plants, grass absorb carbon dioxide during
their growth and emit same amount of carbon
dioxide when processed to generate electricity.
This recycling of atmospheric carbon may reduce
global warming.
biomass and is obtained from wood, crops,
harvest residues, urban refuse and industrial
wastes known as biomass. It is one of the
important sources of renewable energy and
serves as an essential part of waste management process. Pulp and paper industries in United
States are prominent generators of biomass.
Obtaining power from biomass substances is
more cost-effective than that of obtaining it from
wind using wind turbines or windmills or any
other source as it requires less investment. Crops, woody plants, grass absorb carbon dioxide during
their growth and emit same amount of carbon
dioxide when processed to generate electricity.
This recycling of atmospheric carbon may reduce
global warming.
Three Phase Transformer
The basic principle of a three phase
transformer is shown in the Fig
The three cores are arranged at 120o from each other. Only primary windings are show on the cores for simplicity. The primaries are connected to the three phase supply. The primaries carry the currents IR, IY and IB producing the fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB in the individual cores. The common leg of the cores i.e. centre leg formed carries sum of the all three fluxes.
But at any instant, in a three phase system, ĪR + ĪY + ĪB = 0, hence the sum of the three fluxes is also zero at any instant. Hence the centre leg does not carry any flux. So if centre leg is removed, It hardly makes any difference in the other conditions of the transformer. If is is removed, any two legs provide the return path for the current and hence the flux in the third leg. This is the general principle used in the design of three phase core type transformers
The three cores are arranged at 120o from each other. Only primary windings are show on the cores for simplicity. The primaries are connected to the three phase supply. The primaries carry the currents IR, IY and IB producing the fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB in the individual cores. The common leg of the cores i.e. centre leg formed carries sum of the all three fluxes.
But at any instant, in a three phase system, ĪR + ĪY + ĪB = 0, hence the sum of the three fluxes is also zero at any instant. Hence the centre leg does not carry any flux. So if centre leg is removed, It hardly makes any difference in the other conditions of the transformer. If is is removed, any two legs provide the return path for the current and hence the flux in the third leg. This is the general principle used in the design of three phase core type transformers
WHAT IS MASH
What is Mesh
suppose you have an electric source such as a dry battery cell, an LED and two pieces of conducting wire. If you want to make the LED to glow, the positive terminal of the battery must be connected with one lead of LED by means of one conducting wire and in same way the negative terminal of the battery must be connected to other lead of LED via another conducting wire. If you disconnect any of the points in that closed network the LED will not glow that means current can only flow through the LED as long as the continuity of the circuit exists. The battery then wire then LED then another wire and then again battery form a closed loop and electric current only flows as long as the loop remain closed. This loop is known as an mesh. The network formed is a single mesh network. Again if two LEDs are connected in same manner across the battery, you can see that there would be two closed loops formed as shown in the figure. Every loop is referred as a mesh and the latter network is referred as multi mesh network.
suppose you have an electric source such as a dry battery cell, an LED and two pieces of conducting wire. If you want to make the LED to glow, the positive terminal of the battery must be connected with one lead of LED by means of one conducting wire and in same way the negative terminal of the battery must be connected to other lead of LED via another conducting wire. If you disconnect any of the points in that closed network the LED will not glow that means current can only flow through the LED as long as the continuity of the circuit exists. The battery then wire then LED then another wire and then again battery form a closed loop and electric current only flows as long as the loop remain closed. This loop is known as an mesh. The network formed is a single mesh network. Again if two LEDs are connected in same manner across the battery, you can see that there would be two closed loops formed as shown in the figure. Every loop is referred as a mesh and the latter network is referred as multi mesh network.
A Mesh
WHAT IS MESH
suppose you have an electric source such as a dry battery cell, an LED and two pieces of conducting wire. If you want to make the LED to glow, the positive terminal of the battery must be connected with one lead of LED by means of one conducting wire and in same way the negative terminal of the battery must be connected to other lead of LED via another conducting wire. If you disconnect any of the points in that closed network the LED will not glow that means current can only flow through the LED as long as the continuity of the circuit exists. The battery then wire then LED then another wire and then again battery form a closed loop and electric current only flows as long as the loop remain closed. This loop is known as an mesh. The network formed is a single mesh network. Again if two LEDs are connected in same manner across the battery, you can see that there would be two closed loops formed as shown in the figure. Every loop is referred as a mesh and the latter network is referred as multi mesh network.
The figure shown below has 6 nodes, five branches, three loops and two meshes.
A node is a junction point in a network where two or more branches meet.
A branch of network is the section which joints two nodes directly without passing through a third node.
A loop in a network is the closed path formed by any number of possible connected branches.
A mesh is a closed loop which contains no other loop within it.
Saturday 29 December 2012
RELAY
"What is A Relay"
"Working Principle of a Relay"
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
"Working Principle of a Relay"
Each
relay has two mechanical parts inside. The first one is the contact(s) of the
relay. The contacts operate similarly to the contacts of a simple switch or push button You should consider the contacts as a pair of metals like the
following diagram:
The two terminals operates
as a switch. When the contacts are 'in contact' then the current flows from
Terminal 1 to Terminal 2. There are two types of contacts: the NO and the NC.
NO stands for Normal Open contact, while NC stands
for Normal Closed contact.
The Normal Open is a
contact like the one showed in the previous illustration. When the contact is
still, then no current flows through it (because it is an OPEN circuit).
On the other hand, a Normal Closed contact allows the
current to flow when the contact is still. Bellow i illustrate both of these
contacts:
Applications....
Relay Circuit...
Circuit Description
Here are
some circuit diagrams for driving relays from a micro-controller Make sure
you’re using a 5-volt relay (this refers to the coil, not the load circuit),
and make sure that the relay has a high enough rating for the load that you’re
driving.
This
circuit is necessary if you are using a relay with a coil that needs more power
than the microcontroller can supply (this includes most miniature
electromechanical relays):
Troubleshooting:
• Make
sure that you have the pins correctly labeled on the relay; different relays
have different configurations.
• The
diode protects the circuit in case the polarity is reversed. The stripe on the
diode should be towards the 5v side.
• The
base pin on the transistor is usually the center pin; consult documentation to
distinguish the collector from the transmitter.
• If the
relay is working correctly, you should be able to hear a little ‘click’ when
you trigger it (except when using a solid-state relay).
Some
relays (such as reed relays and solid-state relays) have coils that can be
switched directly from the microcontroller, in which case you can use a less
complex circuit:
Finally:
if you’re switching an AC device, PLEASE BE CAREFUL. Make sure you’ve got the
coil working BEFORE you hook up the AC load. Make sure you have correctly
labeled all the pins on the relay – NEVER connect AC voltage directly to the
relay coil. Build your AC circuit BEFORE you plug it in. If you’re not sure,
ask someone to check it for you first.
Friday 28 December 2012
Tuesday 25 December 2012
Introduction About Aurdino
Hello friends, hope you all are fine and enjoying good health we have seen the basic concepts of aurdino training board and why we use aurdino microntroller
1- Arduino we use as a micro controller
2-14 digital inputs & outputs pins in Arduino
3-Easili portable device we can connect with laptop & pc USB port
Monday 24 December 2012
Sunday 23 December 2012
stepper motor projects
Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated.
servo motor projects
his is a simple project where we are going to interface the servo motor
with PIC microcontroller. The microcontroller we are using in this
project is PIC 18f452. Its not a much difficult project and is just for
understanding of servo motor. Servos can
start to sink a lot of current like any motors so it is wise to be
sure
that your batteries...
serial-port-complete-tutorial
what is serial port
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER,
 |
- dffdf
- v dffdfdf
click here to basic
chk2
METHODS TO START
INDUCTION MOTOR
- Shaded Pole
- blogdiagram
Note :
Its an important message.
Its an important message.
Wednesday 19 December 2012
Sunday 18 November 2012
"Electronics Symbols"
Circuit Symbols
Wires and connections | ||
| Component | Circuit Symbol | Function of Component |
| Wire |  | To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another. |
| Wires joined |  | A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right. |
| Wires not joined |  | In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'! |
Power Supplies | ||
| Component | Circuit Symbol | Function of Component |
| Cell |  | Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together. |
| Battery |  | Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). |
| DC supply |  | Supplies electrical energy. DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction. |
| AC supply |  | Supplies electrical energy. AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction. |
| Fuse |  | A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value. |
| Transformer |  | Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils. |
| Earth (Ground) |  | A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground. |
Tuesday 30 October 2012
"HOW A CAPACITOR WORKS"
When the circuit is switched on, the LED emits light and the
capacitor charges up. When the switch is turned off the LED stills emits a
light for a few seconds because the electricity stored in the capacitor is
slowly discharged. When it has fully discharged it's electricity the LED no
longer emits light. If a resistor is introduced to the circuit the capacitor
charges up more slowly but also discharges more slowly. What will happen to the
light ?
Friday 24 August 2012
Tuesday 21 August 2012
Thursday 12 July 2012
Wednesday 1 February 2012
Tuesday 24 January 2012
list-of-final-yeasr-projects
LIST OF FINAL YEAR PROJECTS
LIST OF FINAL YEAR PROJECTS IN LAHORE PAKISTAN
- GSM(sim 900) BASED SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
- Automatic Generator Protection
- TAPE CHANGING TRANSFORMER
- Design and Implementation of Prepaid Energy Metering
- To Control the Real Speed of DC Motor using PID controlled method & Micro-Controller
- Design of the closed loop Speedy control system for DC Motor
- LOAD MANAGEMENT at small grid station
- power-generation-using-speed-breakers
- AUTOMATIC LOAD MANAGEMENT AT GRID STATION AND SEND ON G S M
- Power Analyser for power house
- induction motor speed control
- 3 phase induction motor speed control
- GSM BASED SMART SENSOR FOR INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATIC FAULT DIAGNOSER WITH VOICE FACILITY
- SMART AMBULANCE
- GSM(SIM900 GSM MODULE) BASED HOME SECURETY
- gsm-gps-based-school-kids-tracking
- PC TO PC laser COMMUNICATION
- INTELLIGENT TRAFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
- SMS based Stepper Motor Control
- gps based nevigation system using globle poistioning system trackig different location and correct path find
- ROBOTIC ARM
- INTELLIGENT SPY ROBOT
- SOLAR TRACKER
- SMS CONTROL ROBOT
- auto matic vacuumm cleaner robot
- multi tasking robot for multi purpose
