how to make mini freezer at home -10 Deg / ICE Maker

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GREEN TECHNOLOGY BASED ARCHITECTURE DESIGN OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR A METRO AREA

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In this work we will develop and suggest new control strategies for the fully coordinated and
synchronized  power  generation  on  a  distributed  power  grid  station  utilizing  different
renewable energy sources. The  strategies  are  based  on Digital  controller  and  can  easily
be  implemented on any  digital  device  such  as  FPGA, CPLD, and PC. It can be simulated
in  software  environment  like  E-TAP  and  MATLAB.  In  this  project  our  major  focus  is
replacing conventional power system into a modern smart grid technology.
Currently    we    are    going    to    suggest    the    practical    implementation    of    this
technology  in  The  Islamia  University  of  Bahawalpur but this project can be implemented
in  any  geographical  region  all  around  the  world.  In  this  system  we  are  going  to  explain  the
load  management  and  way  of  most  economical  smart  power  generation  and  consumption
system. We have elaborated the techniques to include the modern communication system and
used  the  artificial  intelligence  approach  for  the  betterment  of  electric  power  system.  Smart
Meters  technology  is  also  facilitated  due  to  its  vast  advantages  in  electricity  saving  by
visualizing the two way communication which is available to both customers and the service
providers.
   Our  suggested  model  will  be  providing  the  service  continuity  in  all  conditions.  Our
project  is  based  on  complete  hierarchy  of  the  general  power  system  from  generation
to  consumption  level.

Introduction to Smart Grid and its Major Elements

What are smart grids?

A  smart  grid  is  an  electricity  network  that  uses  digital  and  other  advanced  technologies  to 

monitor  and  manage  the  transport  of  electricity  from  all  generation  sources  to  meet  the 

varying electricity  demands of end-users. Smart  grids co-ordinate the needs and capabilities 

of all generators, grid operators, end-users  and  electricity market stakeholders to operate all 

parts  of  the  system  as  efficiently  as  possible,  minimizing  costs  and  environmental  impacts 

while  maximizing  system reliability, resilience and stability. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  roadmap,  smart  grids  include  electricity  networks 

(transmission  and  distribution  systems)  and  interfaces  with  generation,  storage  and  end-users.1  while  many  regions  have  already  begun  to  ―smarten‖  their  electricity  system,  all 

regions will require significant additional investment and planning to achieve a smarter grid. 

The world‘s electricity systems face a number of challenges, including ageing infrastructure, 

continued  growth  in  demand,  the  integration  of  increasing  numbers  of  variable  renewable 

energy sources and electric vehicles, the need to improve the security of supply and the need 

to  lower  carbon  emissions.  Smart  grid  technologies  offer  ways  not  just  to  meet  these 

challenges  but  also  to  develop  a  cleaner  energy  supply  that  is  more  energy  efficient,  more 

affordable and more sustainable. Following Figure demonstrates the evolutionary character of 

smart grids. 

Characteristics of smart grids: 

These  challenges  must  also  be addressed with regard to each region‘s unique technical,  financial  and  commercial  regulatory environment. Given the highly regulated nature of  the  electricity  system,  proponents  of  smart grids  must  ensure  that  they  engage  with  all stakeholders,  including  equipment 

manufacturers, system operators, and consume

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Inductors

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Inductors

Inductors.....

An inductor (also choke, coil or reactor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in its magnetic field. For comparison, a capacitor stores energy in an electric field, and a resistor does not store energy but rather dissipates energy as heat.
Any conductor has inductance. An inductor is typically made of a wire or other conductor wound into a coil, to increase the magnetic field.
When the current flowing through an inductor changes, creating a time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is induced, according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors are one of the basic components used in electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents.

Inductance (L) results from the magnetic field forming around a current-carrying conductor. Electric current through the conductor creates a magnetic flux proportional to the current. A change in this current creates a corresponding change in magnetic flux which, in turn, by Faraday's law generates an electromotive force (EMF) in the conductor that opposes this change in current. Thus inductors oppose changes in current through them. Inductance is a measure of the amount of EMF generated per unit change in current. For example, an inductor with an inductance of 1 henry produces an EMF of 1 volt when the current through the inductor changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second. The number of loops, the size of each loop, and the material it is wrapped around all affect the inductance. For example, the magnetic flux linking these turns can be increased by coiling the conductor around a material with a high permeability such as iron.

An inductor is usually constructed as a coil of conducting material, typically copper wire, wrapped around a core either of air or of ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic material. Core materials with a higher permeability than that of air increase the magnetic field and confine it closely to the inductor, thereby increasing the inductance. Low frequency inductors are constructed like transformers, with cores of electrical steel laminated to prevent eddy currents. 'Soft' ferrites are widely used for cores above audio frequencies, since they do not cause the large energy losses at high frequencies that ordinary iron alloys do. Inductors come in many shapes. Most are constructed as enamel coated wire (magnet wire) wrapped around a ferrite bobbin with wire exposed on the outside, while some enclose the wire completely in ferrite and are referred to as "shielded". Some inductors have an adjustable core, which enables changing of the inductance. Inductors used to block very high frequencies are sometimes made by stringing a ferrite cylinder or bead on a wire.
Small inductors can be etched directly onto a printed circuit board by laying out the trace in a spiral pattern. Some such planar inductors use a planar core.
Small value inductors can also be built on integrated circuits using the same processes that are used to make transistors. Aluminum interconnect is typically used, laid out in a spiral coil pattern. However, the small dimensions limit the inductance, and it is far more common to use a circuit called a "gyrator" that uses a capacitor and active components to behave similarly to an inductor.

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Full form of computer related terms:

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Full form of computer related terms:

* HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
* HTTPS - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.
* IP - Internet Protocol.
* URL - Uniform Resource Locator.
* USB - Universal Serial Bus.
* VIRUS - Vital Information Resource Under Seized.
* 3G - 3rd Generation.
* GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
* CDMA - Code Divison Multiple Access. 
* UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
* SIM - Subscriber Identity Module.
* AVI = Audio Video Interleave
* RTS = Real Time Streaming
* SIS = Symbian OS Installer File
* AMR = Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
* JAD = Java Application Descriptor
* JAR = Java Archive
* JAD = Java Application Descriptor
* 3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
* 3GP = 3rd Generation Project
* MP3 = MPEG player 3 
* MP4 = MPEG-4 video file
* AAC = Advanced Audio Coding
* GIF = Graphic Interchangeable Format
* JPEG = Joint Photographic Expert Group
* BMP = Bitmap
* SWF = Shock Wave Flash
* WMV = Windows Media Video
* WMA = Windows Media Audio
* WAV = Waveform Audio
* PNG = Portable Network Graphics
* DOC = Document (Microsoft Corporation)
* PDF = Portable Document Format
* M3G = Mobile 3D Graphics 
* M4A = MPEG-4 Audio File
* NTH = Nokia Theme (series 40)
* THM = Themes (Sony Ericsson)
* MMF = Synthetic Music Mobile Application File
* NRT = Nokia Ringtone 
* XMF = Extensible Music File
* WBMP = Wireless Bitmap Image
* DVX = DivX Video
* HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
* WML = Wireless Markup Language
* CD - Compact Disk.
* DVD - Digital Versatile Disk.
* CRT - Cathode Ray Tube.
* DAT - Digital Audio Tape.
* DOS - Disk Operating System.
* GUI - Graphical User Interface.
* HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
* IP - Internet Protocol.
* ISP - Internet Service Provider.
* TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
* UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply.
* HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
* EDGE - Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution.
* GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
* VHF - Very High Frequency.
* UHF - Ultra High Frequency.
* GPRS - General Packet Radio Service.
* WAP - Wireless Application Protocol.
* TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
* ARPANET - Advanced Research Project Agency Network.
* IBM - International Business Machines.
* HP - Hewlett Packard.
* AM/FM - Amplitude/ Frequency Modulation.
* WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

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GSM MODULE IN PAKISTAN

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Brand New: 
Complete module containing SIM900D GSM module, with SIM jacket and antenna. ready for interfacing with your microcontroller. needs plain AT commands on serial interface to send and receive SMS data.
Also Antenna

• GSM SIM900  Module work on AT Commands.
• It supports RS-232 so you can connect it with any microcontroller (PIC , ATMEL, Arduino etc).
• You can also operate it with computer and can get data on hyper terminal or any other serial terminal.
• ANY GSM Sim is placed in its  sim  jacket  and it is  operated on 3.7V and further controller by the commands it is receiving.

• Price : Rs. 2500 in Pakistan.

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XBEE MODULE IN PAKISTAN

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This is the Pro (higher-power) version of the popular XBee! This module is series #1 (802.15.4 protocol) 60mW wireless module, good for point-to-point, multipoint and convertible to a mesh network point. These are much more powerful than the plain XBee modules, great for when you need more range. 

What we like about the Series 1 modules is that they are so easy to get set up. If you have two in range, they will automatically form a serial link with no configuration, so you can send TTL serial data back and forth. You can also configure the baudrate, as well as sleep modes, power modes and tons more stuff using the Digi XBee tool. 

The pins on an XBee are 2mm spacing, not 0.1" so they will not fit into a breadboard. For that reason, they work best in our XBee adapter module kit 
This module comes with a wire antenna 

XBee Pro Module - Series 01
Pak Rs 5600

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ZIGBEE MODULE IN PAKISTAN

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This is the very popular 2.4GHz XBee module from Digi. These modules take the 802.15.4 stack (the basis for Zigbee) and wrap it into a simple to use serial command set. These modules allow a very reliable and simple communication between microcontrollers, computers, systems, really anything with a serial port! Point to point and multi-point networks are supported.

• 3.3V @ 50mA
• 250kbps Max data rate
• 1mW output (+0dBm)
• 300ft (100m) range
• Wire antenna
• Fully FCC certified
• 6 10-bit ADC input pins
• 8 digital IO pins
• 128-bit encryption
• Local or over-air configuration
• AT or API command set

ZIGBEE MODULE IN PAKISTAN VERY CHEAP RATE 

XBee 1mW Wire Antenna - Series 1

Price per Unit (piece): PKR 3,100 

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